"Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption." [http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/]. Abstract: The Nathanson Centre is faculty-based within Osgoode Hall Law School in Canada governed by an Executive Committee and an Advisory Board composed of individuals from the highest levels involved in criminal justice and law enforcement, in combination with legal experts, civil rights activists and government officials. In addition to these two formal bodies, the work of the Nathanson Centre is accomplished by a network of faculty members across York University working collaboratively with researchers from other institutions (in Canada and internationally), public and private law enforcement officials, and investigative journalists who possess knowledge and experiences related to organized crime. Along with their newsletters and publications, an extensive bibliography and searchable bibliographic database can be found on this site.

Chin, Ko-lin. Chinese Subculture and Criminality: Non-Traditional Crime Groups in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.Call Number: HV 6791 .C53 1990Abstract: A young scholar doing a field study on the subculture of Chinese waiters for a methodology course was led to switch his research interests to Asian criminality after witnessing two deeply disturbing incidents involving Asian gangs. At great risk to himself, he undertook a sociological study of the culture of the Triads, Tongs, and street gangs to explore where, how, and why these groups formed, developed, and transformed, and what roles they play in the political economy of Chinese societies.

This bibliography is a representative selection of materials either owned or on order by the FBI Academy Library. Inclusion of an item does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the material or its author.

Craig, Mark. Best Practice in Intelligence Management With Respect to Chinese Organised Crime. Queensland, Australia: Queensland Police Service, 1996.Call Number: HV 8079 .O73 C73 1996Abstract: Chinese organized crime is a global phenomenon and a major threat to law enforcement in North America. The use of multi-jurisdictional task forces appear to be the most successful strategy for combating and dealing with it. Written from an "intelligence management" standpoint, the author consulted with numerous experts in the area to provide an overview of Chinese organized crime, a case study of the Flying Dragons in New York City, and some observations and recommendations.

Daye, Douglas D. A Law Enforcement Sourcebook of Asian Crime and Cultures: Tactics and Mindsets. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997.Call Number: HV 6194 .A85 D39 1997Abstract: A sourcebook of suggested tactics, strategies, profiles, and explanations to assist police in combating Asian and Asian-American criminal activities, and to help improve a variety of police relationships with the various Asian-American communities.

Du Phuoc Long, Patrick. "Cultural and Social Factors and Vietnamese Gangs." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13, no. 4(November 1997): 331-39.Abstract: Explores the distinct pattern of cultural and social factors that contribute to Vietnamese gang membership and explains the role of adult criminals known as Big Brothers.

Du Phuoc Long, Patrick and Laura Ricard. The Dream Shattered: Vietnamese Gangs in America. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1996.Call Number: HV 6439 .U5 D8 1996Abstract: A counselor to Indochinese children in juvenile correctional and rehabilitation facilities offers his analysis of the causes and consequences of the Vietnamese gang culture in America. Gleaning information from cases of hundreds of children, he seeks to explain why so many Indochinese turn to gang life and crime.

Dunlap, Russell W. "Asian Home Invasion Robbery." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13, no. 4(November 1997): 309-19.Abstract: Analyzes home invasion robberies committed by Asian suspects on Asian victims.

English, T. J. Born to Kill: America's Most Notorious Vietnamese Gang, and the Changing Face of Organized Crime. New York: William Morrow, 1995.Call Number: HV 6439 .U5 E54 1995Abstract: An account of the rise and fall of the Vietnamese "Born to Kill" gang operating out of Chinatown in New York City. Much of the story chronicles the experiences of one gang member who eventually decides to cooperate with the NYPD and ATF to help bring down the gang. Focuses not just on highlighting events, but on achieving a deeper, underlying understanding of the root causes of gang violence.

Glasser, Jeff. "The Software Sopranos." U.S. News & World Report 128, no. 5(February 2000): 38-39.Abstract: Asian gangs such as the Black Dragons, Snakeheads, and Wah Ching, are into a new wave of crime harder for law enforcement to track - software piracy, chip re-marking, hardware theft, and counterfeiting. A lucrative "business" with comparatively little risk of serious jail time, intellectual property crimes are now being targeted by U.S. Customs Service, who opened a multijurisdictional coordination center in Washington, D.C., the Justice Department who have asked attorneys to bring more cases involving computer offenses, and a proposed national crime-fighting network called "Lawnet."

Hazlehurst, Kayleen and Cameron Hazlehurst. Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998.Call Number: HV 6437 .G35 1998Abstract: Expert scholars and policy advisors lay the groundwork for an explanation of why gangs continue to grow in strength and influence, and why they have spread to remote locations. Vietnamese youth gangs are included in this comparative book on international experiences with gangs.

Kleinknecht, William. The New Ethnic Mobs: The Changing Face of Organized Crime in America. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1996.Call Number: HV 6446 .K54 1996Abstract: New ethnic crime groups have diluted the power of the Italian mafia and revolutionized organized crime. Kleinknecht takes us inside the Chinese and Vietnamese syndicates and the Hong Kong Triads, as well as other ethnic crime groups, and explores what the future holds for these overseas groups.

Knox, George W. and Thomas F. McCurrie. "Asian Gangs: Recent Research Findings." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13, no. 4(November 1997): 301-8.Abstract: Briefly covers some recent research findings on Asian gang activity in the United States, arguing that the Asian gang problem is small in comparison with the overall gang problem; there is little that is unique about Asian gangs or Asian gang members; a strong homogenizing influence exists today so it is not uncommon to find Asian gangs allied with Crip/Folk or Blood/People gangs; and most Asian gang members do not belong to Asian gangs.

Ko-lin, Chin. Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, & Ethnicity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996.Call Number: HV 6439 .U7 N433 1996Abstract: Based on firsthand accounts from gang members, gang victims, community leaders, and law enforcement authorities, reveals the pervasiveness, longevity, and institutionalization of Chinatown gangs. Penetrates a closed society and presents a rare portrait of the underworld of New York City's Chinatown, showing how economic viability of the community is sapped and how gangs encourage lawlessness.

Mahan, Sue and Katherine O'Neil. Beyond the Mafia: Organized Crime in the Americas. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998.Call Number: HV 6453 .N7 B47 1998Abstract: A comparative perspective on nontraditional organized crime in the Americas. Divided into five parts each illustrating a significant concept about organized crime. Included are discussions about the Yakuza and Chinese gangs and their characteristics.

McIllwain, Jeffrey Scott. "From Tong War to Organized Crime: Revising the Historical Perception of Violence in Chinatown." Justice Quarterly 14, no. 1(March 1997): 25-52.Abstract: An analysis of New York City press accounts and official documents from 1894 to 1908 challenges conventional wisdom that Chinese organized crime is "emerging" and "nontraditional," and that it predates organizations of other ethnic origins. A document-based case study of the first "tong war" between Hip Sing and the On Leong Tong, 1899-1907, shows both organizations were heavily involved into organized crime that spread across the United States and to China itself.

Mosquera, Richard. "Asian Organized Crime." Police Chief 60, no. 10(October 1993): 65-66+.Abstract: Written by Special Agent Mosquera, then Chief of the FBI's European and Asian Unit, to provide an overview of Chinese and Japanese criminal organizations, summarize the unique problems law enforcement encounters with Asian Organized Crime, and explain the similarities between it and the La Cosa Nostra.

President's Commission on Organized Crime. Organized Crime of Asian Origin. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985.Call Number: Pr 40.8:C 86/As 4Abstract: On July 28, 1983, President Reagan established the President's Commission on Organized Crime to make a full and complete national and region-by-region analysis of organized crime; define the nature of traditional organized crime, as well as emerging organized crime groups, and to advise the President and the Attorney General with respect to its findings and make recommended actions that can be undertaken to improve law enforcement's efforts against organized crime. This volume of the report made by the President's Commission addresses organized crime of Asian origin.

Ryan, Patrick J. and George E. Rush. Understanding Organized Crime in Global Perspective: A Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997.Call Number: HV 6446 .U53 1997Abstract: A collection of 17 papers, authored primarily by members of the International Association for the Study of Organized Crime, several of which are about Asian gangs and organized crime, organized crime in Hong Kong, and the future of Southeast Asian Criminal Organizations.

Schnieder, Eric C. Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.Call Number: HV 6439 .U7 N467 1999Abstract: A rich and detailed portrait of everyday life in gangs in Postwar New York. Written from a wide array of sources, including interviews with former gang members, Schneider focuses on the years from 1940 to 1975, but takes us up to the present in his conclusion, showing how youth gangs are no longer social organizations but economic units tied to the underground economy. Schneider describes how postwar urban renewal, slum clearances, and ethnic migration pitted African-American, Puerto Rican, and Euro-American youths against each other in battles to dominate changing neighborhoods, and the conditions in which gangs appeared in New York's Chinatown in the mid-1960's.

Seymour, Christopher. Yakuza Diary: Doing Time in the Japanese Underworld. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press , 1996.Call Number: HV 6453 .J33 Y357 1996Abstract: Japanese gangsters, the Yakuza, make up the biggest, richest, and most secretive organized crime syndicates in the world. The combined Yakuza is ten times larger than the American mafia, with profits that would rival any Fortune 500 company. Seymour infiltrates the Yakuza, presenting the details of a world that had remained modern Japan's dirty little secret. Billed as alternately funny and harrowing, the Yakuza Diary is a guided tour of institutional crime and ritualized violence.

Strandberg, Keith W. "Investigating Asian Crime." Law Enforcement Technology 24, no. 9(September 1997): 58-62.Abstract: Unique challenges are posed to law enforcement when investigating Asian crime; language barriers, differences in cultures and their perception of law enforcement. The majority of groups prey on their own community because they know community members will not report crimes to law enforcement. While some have ties with groups in their homeland, many gangs commit crimes on their own. The nature of the groups and overcoming the unique challenges presented by them are discussed by the author.

Zhang, Sheldon X. "Task Force Orientation and Dyadic Relations in Organized Chinese Alien Smuggling." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13, no. 4(November 1997): 320-330.Abstract: Describes the nature and features of Chinese crime organizations in alien smuggling.

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