"Anti-Defamation League Online." [http://www.adl.org]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: Fighting anti-Semitism and bigotry here and abroad, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) probes the roots of hatred against Jews and serves as a public resource for government, media, law enforcement agencies and the public at large. The ADL is America's prime resource for information about organized bigotry. The League collects and assesses a vast amount of information on anti-Semites, racists and extremists.

Explosion of Hate: The Growing Danger of the National Alliance. New York: B'nai B'rith, Anti-Defamation League, 1998.Call Number: DS 146 .U6E95 1998Abstract: An investigative report that reveals the single most dangerous organized hate group in America is the neo-Nazi National Alliance, led by veteran anti-Semite and racist William Pierce. It has grown to become the largest and most active neo-Nazi organization in the nation, with members engaged in plotting violent crimes and its propaganda inspiring others to carry out murder, bombings and robberies. With 16 active cells from coast to coast and a growing membership, National Alliance has been visible in at least 26 states, most notably in Ohio, Florida, Michigan, New York, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia and New Mexico. Law enforcement has been urged to increase vigilance of this violent hate group.

"The Many Kinds of Hate Crime." State Legislatures 25, no. 5(May 1999): p. 7. Note: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: The FBI's Uniform Crime Report states that 8,759 hate crimes were documented in 1996. The report indicates that most of these hate crimes were motivated by race (63%), although those motivated by religion (14%), sexual orientation (12%) and ethnicity (11%) also accounted for a significant proportion of the hate crimes documented that year. While most states have hate crime laws designed to punish offenders, not all state laws encompass all types of hate crimes. Some states, for example, do not include incidents provoked by gender and sexual orientation in their hate crime statutes.

"NAAWP National." [http://www.naawp.com]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: The National Association for the Advancement of White People is a group founded by former Klan leader David Duke and often described as a "Klan without robes." The number of websites for this group has grown dramatically.

"National Alliance." [http://www.natvan.com]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: The National Alliance website is the most prominent overtly Hitlerian organization in the United States today. It features transcripts of broadcasts from leader William Pierce's weekly anti-Semitic radio broadcasts, the text of articles from the group's National Vanguard magazine, and a catalog of over 600 books.

This bibliography is a representative selection of materials either owned or on order by the FBI Academy Library. Inclusion of an item does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the material or its author.

"Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online." Corrections Today 61, no. 5(August 1999): pp. 102-4+.Abstract: The issue of Internet hate, the latest developments relating to it and constructive responses available to concerned citizens of a democratic society are discussed. Reprinted verbatim from Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online with permission from the Anti-Defamation League, 1999.

"Southern Poverty Law Center." [http://www.splcenter.org]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: A non-profit organization that combats hate, intolerance, and discrimination through education and litigation. Its programs include Teaching Tolerance and the Intelligence Project, which incorporates Klanwatch and the Militia Task Force. Klanwatch tracks the activities of more than 500 racist and neo-Nazi groups and the Militia Task Force currently monitors over 400 militias and other groups espousing extreme anti-government views. The Intelligence Project has gathered information on 457 active hate groups that can be accessed by state and/or type.

"White Aryan Resistance ." [http://www.resist.com]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: The site for White Aryan Resistance (WAR), a group led by San Diego-based white supremacist Tom Metzger, features unbearably crude caricatures of Blacks and Mexicans while applauding "racial and cultural separatism worldwide." Calling whites "Nature's finest handiwork," Metzger declares, "your race and only your race must be your religion."

"World Church of the Creator (WCOTC)." [http:/lwww.wcotc.com]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: The WCOTC attacks Christianity, Judaism, Blacks and immigrants with equal vehemence. The group's website blames the Jews for the trade in Black slaves and accuses them of manipulating the government while declaring Blacks physiologically inferior and inherently criminal. The World Church of the Creator Kids website [http://www.wcotc.com/kids] utilizes enticing graphics to lure young web users and offers simplified versions of WCOTC documents, making them easier for children to understand. The WCOTC Women's Frontier website [http://www.wcotc.com/wcotcwf] caters to bigoted women, declaring that the "White female voice must be heard" if the Church is to "truly accomplish its goal of taking back White territory worldwide."

Altschiller, Donald. Hate Crimes: A Reference Book. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999.Call Number: HV 6773.52 .A47 1999 REFNotes: Reference books do not circulate; must be used in the libraryAbstract: Surveys the history of some of the main targets of hate crimes in the United States, along with a chronology of some of the crimes committed. Also includes biographies of people combating such activities, statistics, an overview of national and state legislation, descriptions of strategies community groups have used to address the growing problem, a list of organizations, and annotated bibliographies of print and non-print resources.

B'nai B'rith, Anti-Defamation League. Crimes of Hate. Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ: ADL Film Library. 30 min., 1990.Call Number: BF 575 .H3C7 1990 A/VAbstract: Reveals the twisted thinking of perpetrators of bias crime, the anguish of victims, and the strategies used by law enforcement officials, community organizations, and individuals to address these crimes.

Black, Don. "Stormfront." 1995. [http://www.stormfront.org]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: Established in 1995 by former Knights of the Ku Klux Klan leader Don Black, was the first white supremacist site on the Web. Stormfront publicizes itself as "...a resource for those courageous men and women fighting to preserve their White Western culture, ideals and freedom of speech and association--a forum for planning strategies and forming political and social groups to ensure victory."

Bureau of Justice Assistance. Stopping Hate Crime: A Case History From the Sacramento Police Department. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1997.Call Number: J 26.33:H 28Abstract: This fact sheet reports the experiences of one community's battle to stop hate crime. It is based on a report submitted to the Bureau of Justice Assistance by the Sacramento Police Department as part of a grant to fund hate crime prevention efforts.

Bushart, Howard L., et al. Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America. New York: Kensington Books, 1998.Call Number: E 184 .A1B92 1998Abstract: From the Ku Klux Klan to Aryan Nations, the groups profiled in this book are organized, armed and growing. Written with complete cooperation of the leaders of these groups, it is the first book to let these masterminds of hatred speak their minds in their own words. This book is a clear window into the minds of the white supremacist, and only through such books as this can we understand the depths of their hatred and the lengths to which they will go.

Byrd, David. "Making Hate a Federal Case." National Journal 31, no. 15(April 10, 1999): 5 p.Notes: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: Hate crimes have received much media and public attention and lawmakers in both parties were hoping to make 1999 the year when hate crime became a federal offense. Proponents believe a federal law would put offenders on notice, but opponents, which include religious leaders, conservatives, and moderates, believe the federalization of such crimes is more driven by politics and media coverage than rational thinking.

Campbell, R. K. "Investigating Hate Groups on the Internet." Law & Order 47, no. 11(November 1999): 1 p.Abstract: The Internet provides incredible resources for research. Officers who are confronting hate group action would do well to look to this information highway for invaluable aid. Police officers must be prepared to discredit the group's ideology.

Cloud, John. "Is Hate on the Rise?" Time 154, no. 3(July 19, 1999): p. 33.Abstract: Racist groups are finding deadlier recruits. Organized hate groups have not achieved great financial or political power, but authorities believe hate-motivated violence is on the rise, in part because these groups are using powerful new tools, like the Internet and the art of media management, to attract a new breed of racist.

Community Relations Service. Hate Crime: The Violence of Intolerance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998.Call Number: J 23.3:H 28Abstract: The Community Relations Service (CRS) is a specialized Federal conciliation service available to State and local officials to help resolve and prevent racial and ethnic conflict, violence and civil disorders. When governors, mayors, police chiefs, and school superintendents need help to defuse racial crises, they turn to CRS. CRS helps local officials and residents tailor locally defined resolutions when conflict and violence threaten community stability and well-being. CRS conciliators assist in identifying the sources of violence and conflict and utilizing specialized crisis management and violence reduction techniques which work best for each community. CRS has no law enforcement authority and does not impose solutions, investigate or prosecute cases, or assign blame or fault. As authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, CRS becomes involved only in those cases in which the criminal offender was motivated by the victim's race, color, or national origin.

Craig, Kellina M. "Retaliation, Fear, or Rage: An Investigation of African American and White Reactions to Racist Hate Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14, no. 2(February 1999): pp. 138-51.Abstract: A study was conducted in an effort to establish whether hate crimes produce more harm than similarly egregious crimes. Craig discusses the findings in terms of the utility of current hate crime legislation as well as the implications of the observed emotional responses from a sample of African American and White males.

Curtis, Alex. "Nationalist Observer." [http://www.whiteracist.com]. 3 April 2000.Abstract: A website created by Alex Curtis that attacks Jews, Blacks and immigrants, urging cooperation between "White nationalists, White separatists, Skinheads, National Socialists, Ku Klux Klansmen and Identity Christians." His "Tribute to Jewry" consists of a picture of "Jew York City" decimated by an atomic bomb. Other websites include 14 Word Press [http://www.14words.com], White Power World-Wide [http://wpww.com] and The Occidental Pan-Aryan Crusader [http:/www.crusader.net/texts].

Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines." October 1999. [http://www.fbi.gov]. 3 April 2000.Call Number: J 1.14/16:H 28Abstract: In response to a growing concern about hate crimes, in 1990, Congress enacted the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 which required the Attorney General to establish guidelines and collect, as part of the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, data "about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including where appropriate the crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter; forcible rape; aggravated assault, simple assault, intimidation; arson; and destruction, damage or vandalism of property." The primary emphasis in developing an approach for collecting national hate crime statistics was to avoid placing major new reporting burdens on law enforcement agencies contributing data to the UCR Program. Using the UCR National Incident-Based Reporting System, hate crime data is collected by capturing additional information about offenses already being reported to UCR and this document provides guidelines for reporting such information.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Hate Crime Statistics." Annual. [http://www.fbi.gov]. 4 April 2000.Call Number: J 1.14/2:C 86/17/Yr.Abstract: As part of the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program's National Incident-Based Reporting System, this annual collection of hate crime statistics is designed to capture information about the type of bias serving as the motivating factor, the nature of the offense, and the characteristics of the victims and offenders.

Grigera, Elena. "Hate Crimes: State and Federal Responses to Bias-Motivated Violence." Corrections Today 61, no. 5(August 1999): pp. 68(5).Abstract: Hate crimes are once again at the forefront of the national consciousness following a number of media reports. While the incidence of hate crimes may appear minuscule compared with other types of crime, hate crimes generate much debate because it is believed that the intolerance behind such crimes threatens the very fabric of American society. This has prompted Federal and state authorities to advocate for the enactment of hate crime legislation.

Hamm, M. S. Hate Crime: International Perspectives on Causes and Control. Cincinnati, OH; Highland Heights, KY: Anderson Publishing Company and Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, 1994.Call Number: HV 6250.25 .H37 1994Abstract: In an attempt to describe the criminology of hate crimes and prescribe effective ways to counter it, this book addresses the questions of the incidence and prevalence of hate crime in various nation-states and the risk that hate crimes present to global security.

Harel, Alon and Gideon Parchomovsky. "On Hate and Equality." Yale Law Journal 109, no. 3(December 1999): p. 507(25).Notes: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: The authors provide a "fair protection" model as a means of justifying harsher sentences under hate crime laws for similar crimes. The model addresses social concerns not considered by the prevailing wrongfulness-culpability paradigm, including the relative vulnerability of potential crime victims and the likelihood of an attack.

Herek, Gregory M. and Kevin T. Berrill (eds.). Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992.Call Number: HV 6250.4 .H66H38 1992Abstract: The 18 chapters of this anthology examine the nature and prevalence of hate crimes against lesbians and gay men, the context in which such crimes occur, the characteristics of the perpetrators, how to survive and respond to such attacks, and the implications of such victimization for public policy.

Hoffman, David S. High-Tech Hate: Extremist Use of the Internet. New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1997.Call Number: HT 5121 .H44 1997Abstract: Documents who's who in the "hate establishment" currently on-line. Among those cited are the KKK, David Duke, the Identity Church, Ernst Zundel, Bradley Smith, Militias, "Common Law Courts," Neo-Nazi Skinheads, and Resistance Records. Issues such as "Hate Mail on the Internet," "Universities and the Web: To Control or Not Control," and "Keeping Data Confidential - Privacy vs. Security" are discussed.

________. The Web of Hate: Extremists Exploit the Internet. New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1996.Call Number: HT 1521 .H58 1996Abstract: Profiles the hate groups that are using the World Wide Web in an effort to spread anti-Semitism and other hate messages against targeted racial and ethnic groups; some of the constitutional and technical problems posed in regulating the Internet are discussed.

Jenness, Valerie and Kendal Broad. Hate Crimes: New Social Movements and the Politics of Violence. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter Publishing Company, 1997.Call Number: HV 6250.3 .U5J45 1997Abstract: Violence directed at victimized groups because of their real or imagined characteristics is as old as humankind. Why, then, have "hate crimes" only recently become recognized as a serious problem, especially in the US? This book addresses a timely set of questions about the politics and dynamics of intergroup violence manifest as discrimination.

Kelly, Robert J. and Jess Maghan. Hate Crime: The Global Politics of Polarization. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.Call Number: HV 6250.25 .H39 1998Abstract: This is a collection of essays that examine hate crimes and the historical, social, psychological and cultural intricacies and contradictions behind them. The analyses in the book serve to highlight two broad conclusions: that in times of social distress and economic uncertainty, tensions between groups become acute and find expression in hate crimes; and that the burden of guilt for these acts cannot be attributed to or blamed on entire groups of people.

Kressel, Neil Jeffrey. Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.Call Number: HV 6322.7 .K74 1996Abstract: Rarely does a book emerge that is a wake-up call to the world. Mass Hate is such a masterpiece. It explores why the brutality of humankind has erupted and flowed more expansively in the twentieth century than ever before: the horrifying butchery in Rwanda, the terrifying tactics of rape and torture of women in Bosnia, and the systematic murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust. Genocide has occurred so often and blood has gushed so freely that one might consider the urge to kill one's neighbor an inborn characteristic of our species. The power to wreak bloody havoc on innocent civilians has become not only the sport of "soldiers," but of terrorists as well. Our only hope lies in understanding the human impulse to hate and the forces that transform that impulse into brutish action.

Lawrence, Frederick M. Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Call Number: KF 9345 .L39 1999Abstract: Bias crimes are a scourge on our society. Is there a more terrifying image in the mind's eye than that of a burning cross? Punishing Hate examines the nature of bias-motivated violence and provides a foundation for understanding bias crimes and their treatment under the U.S. legal system.

Levin, B. "Hate Crimes: Worse by Definition." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 15, no. 1(February 1999): pp. 6-21.Abstract: This analysis of issues related to hate crime laws concludes that carefully drafted hate crime laws punish conduct that is objectively more dangerous to victims and society.

Moore, Jack B. Skinheads: Shaved for Battle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993.Call Number: HV 6439 .U5M657 1993Abstract: This book investigates the English roots of skinhead style, the American variant's development within larger youth group scenes, the ideas and activities of racist skinheads, their modes of organization, the role of music in their formation, their presentation in the media, and the damage they have done in American society.

Moyers, Bill D. Beyond Hate. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences. 91 min., 2 vol., 1997.Call Number: BF 575 .H3B49 1997 A/VAbstract: Volume I - The Heart of Hatred features conversations with a variety of people who have explored the heart of hatred. Volume II - Learning to Hate focuses on how children learn to hate, and how attitudes toward hatred differ from culture to culture.

Murphy, Clyde E. "Civil Rights Lawyers Organize a National Response to Hate Crime." Corrections Today 61, no. 5(August 1999): pp. 88(6).Abstract: Bias violence is severely under reported by victims, primarily because of ignorance of the law, distrust and fear of law enforcement officials, as well as language and cultural barriers. Murphy discusses civil rights lawyers' attempts to organize a national response to hate crime.

National Criminal Justice Association. A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 1999.Call Number: J 26.30:H 28Notes: Also available full-text on the NCJRS Abstract Index at http://www.ncjrs.orgAbstract: This monograph explains the scope and nature of the Nation's hate crime problem and provides an overview of the current responses to hate crimes by local, State and Federal government agencies; law enforcement authorities; and civil rights groups.

Neubauer, Ronald S. "Hate Crime in America - Summit No. 5." The Police Chief 66, no. 2(February 1999): p. 6.Abstract: The International Association of Chiefs of Police conducted a meeting to address issues related to hate crimes. The meeting outlined the roles and responsibilities of schools and colleges, police authorities, justice systems, social service agencies and victims to prevent and respond to hate crimes. It also presented various recommendations aimed at addressing the problem such as disseminating hate crimes-related information, and educating individuals on preventive measures and response programs.

Nolan, J. J. and Y. Akiyama. "Analysis of Factors That Affect Law Enforcement Participation in Hate Crime Reporting." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 15, no. 1(February 1999): pp. 111-27.Abstract: One hundred forty-seven police officers and civilian police employees in four police agencies in four regions of the United States were surveyed to determine the social factors that affect law enforcement participation in initiatives to collect data on hate crimes. The study was prompted by recognition that law enforcement participation in collecting hate crime statistics increased quickly in the first four years after the passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, but seemed to have reached a plateau by 1994.

Petrosino, C. "Connecting the Past to the Future: Hate Crime in America." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 15, no. 1(February 1999): pp. 22-47.Abstract: This article argues that hate crimes are not a modern phenomenon; instead, they extend throughout the history of the United States. Results of a comparative analysis indicated similarities and differences between historical and modern events.

Roleff, T. L. Hate Groups: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999.Call Number: HV 6773.52 .H37 1999Abstract: These 24 excerpts from books, journals, newspapers, and other sources present contrasting perspectives regarding hate groups and focus on the issues of whether they are a serious problem, whether certain groups promote hate and violence, the threat posed by the militia movement, and how hate crimes and terrorism can be reduced.

Stern, Kenneth S. A Force Upon the Plain: The American Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.Call Number: HN 90 .V5S836 1996Abstract: This book explains how this country has gotten to a point where thousands of well-armed men and women have become so certain that their country is under siege and their leaders cannot be trusted that they believe the only possible defense lies with them and their guns. It uncovers the ways in which these men and women have used newsletters, the Internet, short-wave radio and political campaigns to spread their message of hate across the country and even into the halls of Congress.

Torres, S. "Hate Crimes Against African Americans: The Extent of the Problem." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 15, no. 1(February 1999): pp. 48-63.Abstract: Uniform Crime Report data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1990 to 1996 were used to examine trends in hate crimes against Black people since the passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990.

United States Senate. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1999.Call Number: Y 4.J 89/2:S.HRG.105-904Abstract: Judiciary Committee hearing on Senate bill 1529, a bill to enhance Federal enforcement of hate crimes. No further action recorded to date.

Valdez, Al. "Nazi Low Riders." Police 23, no. 3(March 1999): pp. 46-48.Abstract: Numbers are up in the white supremacist gang Nazi Low Riders (NLR) since the Aryan Brotherhood's activities have been curtailed. The driving forces behind the NLR's membership increase and how law enforcement officers can identify them are discussed.

Wallace, Mike. Hate Across America. New York: A&E Home Video. 50 min., 1996.Call Number: HV 6773.52 H365 1996 A/VAbstract: Examines the modern history of hate crimes in America, going back to the 1964 murder of three civil rights workers by the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi. Traces the spread of hate crimes and groups beyond their traditional strongholds in the south and looks at the new face of hate: more polished, more seductive, disruptive and dangerous. Shows why such groups have turned away from attacking individuals to focus their attention on the Federal government.

Wilcox, Laird. Crying Wolf: Hate Crime Hoaxes in America. Olathe, KS: Laird Wilcox Editorial Research Service, 1994. Call Number: HV 6759 .W55 1994 Abstract: A thoroughly documented and extensively footnoted study of false and fabricated racist, anti-Gay, and anti-Semitic "hate crimes" actually perpetrated by the victims themselves to gain sympathy, advance a political agenda, or for monetary gain. From the notorious Tawana Brawley hoax to cases only reported locally, each hoax is analyzed in terms of motives, techniques employed, and payoff to the "victim."

Williams, Patricia J. "Canon to the Ordinary." The Nation 267, no. 15(November 9, 1998): p. 9.Abstract: The brutal murder of University of Wyoming gay college student Matthew Shepard has generated national debate over the legalities of hate crimes. Opponents of hate crime legislation believe that a crime is a crime and the hate part of it is only a person's thoughts. The problem is that few people are dealing with the consequences of those thoughts.

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