"Cooling Off Hotseattle: A Web Star Faces Charges of Online Pedophilia (Patrick Naughton Is Arrested and Charged With Arranging, Over the Internet, to Engage in Sex With a Minor)." Time 154, no. 14(October 4, 1999): p. 86.Abstract: Patrick Naughton understood and trusted computers. He was one of the early Web warriors, an engineer who helped develop the software language Java before eventually heading technology at Infoseek. He later caught the attention of Disney chief Michael Eisner, who tapped him to oversee the company's new Internet portal. So when Naughton logged on to a chat room called "dad&daughtersex" last March, he probably thought he was safe. Naughton signed on as "hotseattle," according to a criminal complaint filed by the FBI, and the 13-year-old girl he thought he arranged to meet at the Santa Monica pier turned out to be an FBI Agent who is part of the FBI's Sexual Assault Felony Enforcement team.

"FBI Initiative Helps Fight Net Child Pornography." Government Computer News 19, no. 11(May 15, 2000): p. 12.Notes: Available full-text from InfoTracAbstract: This article discusses the collection and analysis of digital evidence used in the FBI's Innocent Images investigations, as described by FBI Director Louis J. Freeh at a recent Senate Appropriations Committee hearing.

"Japan's Shame: Lawmakers Are Finally Pushing Legislation to Help End the Country's Dubious Distinction As the World's Main Source of Child Pornography (Asia)." Time International 153, no. 15(April 19, 1999): p. 34(2).
Note: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: Japan has the dubious distinction of being the world's leading source of child pornography, with an alarming number of websites dedicated to this immoral practice. Japan is in the midst of passing legislation to ban this practice, which has been allowed because Japanese law states that minors are those under the age of 12.

Armagh, Daniel. "A Safety Net for the Internet: Protecting Our Children." Juvenile Justice 5, no. 1(May 1998): pp. 9-15.Notes: Also available at http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/jjmay98.pdfAbstract: The Internet has become a means for pedophiles to contact child and juvenile computer users to entice them into sexual conversations and visual seductive images that can lead to personal contact and subsequent sexual exploitation and abuse. Parents must assume responsibility for preventing such contact and educating their children about the dangers of contact with strangers on the Internet.

Armagh, Daniel S., et al. Use of Computers in the Sexual Exploitation of Children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1999.Call Number: J 32.8:AB 9/8Abstract: This guide provides information on the computer-based techniques used by child molesters to exploit child users of the Internet and to traffic in child pornography. This is followed by instruction in the techniques investigators can use to identify such offenders and collect the evidence necessary to obtain their conviction.

This bibliography is a representative selection of materials either owned or on order by the FBI Academy Library. Inclusion of an item does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the material or its author.

Baker, Debra. "When Cyber Stalkers Walk." ABA Journal 85(December 1999): pp. 51-54.Abstract: FBI Agents and Federal prosecutors say that judges' reluctance to impose stiff sentences on people who commit stalking over the Internet undermines the efforts of undercover Internet investigations; the case of Georges Debeir exemplifies the reasons that judges depart from the Federal sentencing guidelines. Debeir befriended adolescent females he met on Internet chat rooms over a two-year period. He often promised gifts and money in exchange for sexual favors. Eventually he asked someone named Kathy to meet him. However, Kathy was an undercover FBI Agent working for Innocent Images, a computer crimes unit that targets sexual predators and child pornographers on the Internet. The judge cited the victimless nature of Debeir's crime as a rationale for departing from the sentencing guidelines.

Beiser, Vince. "Hiding Web Trails." Maclean's 112, no. 33(August 16, 1999): 2 p.Notes: Available full-text on WilsonWebAbstract: Zero-Knowledge Systems, Inc., is set to launch a new software product called Freedom that can hide an Internet user's cyber-wanderings. At the moment, everything a user does on the Internet leaves a trace, says Austin Hill, president of the Montreal-based firm. Scheduled for commercial release late this year, Freedom, which encrypts every communication a user sends, is already creating a buzz among Silicon Valley venture capitalists and privacy advocates. Law enforcement officials are warning that the new privacy software will make life easier for virus makers, pedophiles, and other online rogues.

Berleu, Jacques, et al. Child Pornography on the Internet. Belgium: Movement Against Pedophilia on the Internet (MAPI), May 20, 1999.Notes: Available full-text on the World Justice Information NetworkAbstract: Following the emotion aroused by cases of pedophilia in Belgium in 1996, researchers and academics from the Institute of Informatics at Namur University began the MAPI project. This report is the outcome of their research and is based on initiatives started by the Belgian Government in the battle against the sexual exploitation of children. It consists of five sections, each ending with a series of recommendations.

Durkin, Keith F. "Misuse of the Internet by Pedophiles: Implications for Law Enforcement and Probation Practice." Federal Probation 61, no. 3(September 1997): pp. 14-18.Abstract: The misuse of the Internet by pedophiles presents a serious challenge to criminal justice agencies. This article discusses the various ways in which pedophiles utilize the Internet: to traffic child pornography, to engage in sexual communication with children, to locate children to molest, and to communicate with other pedophiles. The implications that these deviant activities have for law enforcement and probation practice are highlighted.

Edwards, Catherine. "Pedophiles Prowl the Internet." Insight (February 28, 2000).Notes: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: Most parents approve of their kids' use of the computer, but many adults are unaware that pedophiles are surfing the Internet 24 hours a day, looking for underage prey. Accidentally or not, more than half of America's teenagers have come into contact with obscene material on the Internet. For the first time ever, pedophiles intent upon seduction can tour the world, entering children's bedrooms at will.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Innocent Images Initiative, Baltimore Division." [http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/balt/major.htm]. 31 July 2000.Abstract: Operation Innocent Images identifies and develops prosecutable cases on individuals who use Bulletin Board Systems to victimize children. FBI Agents and task force officers, who pose as young children or sexual predators, go online to investigate those individuals who recruit minors into illicit sexual relationships, electronically distribute pornographic images of children, or post illegal images onto the Internet.

________. Parent's Guide to Internet Safety . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1999.Call Number: J 1.14/16:IN 8/3/99
Notes: Also available full-text on the Internet at http://www.fbi.gov
Abstract: This pamphlet is intended to help parents understand the complexities of online child exploitation, the signs that their child might be at risk online, the actions they should take if they suspect their child is communicating with a sexual predator online, and actions to minimize the chances that an online exploiter will victimize the child. The guide was prepared from actual investigations involving child victims, as well as investigations in which police officers posed as children.

Finkelhor, David, et al. Online Victimization: A Report on the Nation's Youth. Washington, DC: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2000.
Notes: Available full-text on the Internet at http://www.missingkids.com
Abstract: This report is the result of the first national survey on the risks faced by children on the Internet, focusing upon unwanted sexual solicitations and pornography, as directed by Congress in its Fiscal Year 1999 Appropriations Bill. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children's mandate was to examine the problem and provide a base-line understanding of the risks in order to help policy makers, law enforcement, and families better understand the risks and respond effectively.

Forde, Patrick and Andrew Patterson. "Paedophile Internet Activity." Australian Institute of Criminology Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice (1998): 6p.
Note: Available full-text on the Internet at http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti97.pdf Abstract: For the relatively small cost of organizing their activities around personal computer technology, pedophiles are able to operate internationally. How they use the Internet is an important consideration for enforcement agencies. This paper offers suggestions to counter pedophiles' use of the Internet to proclaim their lifestyles, to disseminate their information, to facilitate their communication, and to conceal their identities.

Freeh, Louis J. "Statement for the Record of Louis J. Freeh, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, on Child Pornography on the Internet and the Sexual Exploitation of Children Before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies." March 10, 1998. [http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/congress/congress98/sac310.htm]. Abstract: The Director's statement describes how the FBI is using additional staffing and funding provided for child pornography investigations that was included in the 1998 Justice Appropriations Act. The Act provided $10.0 million for enhancing the ongoing "Innocent Images" initiative, which will provide additional investigators for Baltimore and other key locations, analysts, laboratory examiners and services, training and outreach, and case management automation.

Gibeaut, John. "Image Is Everything: Court Slams Child Porn Law As Covering Digital Works and Art, Too." ABA Journal 86(May 2000): pp. 20-21.Abstract: A divided panel of the 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco late last year declared unconstitutional part of the 1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act, aimed at combating the spread of kid porn over the Internet. In Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, 198 F.3d 1083 (Dec. 17), the court held the act violated the First Amendment because it outlawed computer-generated images that don't use real children.

Guttman, Cynthia. "The Darker Side of the Net (Dissemination of Child Pornography)." UNESCO Courier (September 1999): p. 43(3).Notes: Available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: The anonymity of the Internet has created a rise in the dissemination of child pornography and has put more children at risk for becoming victims of sexual abuse. Strong steps taken by countries to reduce the amount of child pornography on the Internet are described, but international legal issues and limited resources need to be resolved before the trade can really be reduced.

Healy, Margaret A. "Child Pornography: An International Perspective." May 20, 1999. [http://193.135.156.14/webpub/csechome/215e.htm]. 26 July 2000.Abstract: This paper was prepared as a working document for the World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. It identifies some of the major centers of global production and consumption of child pornography, discusses the impact of computer technology on the production and distribution of material that sexually exploits children, and outlines individual national strategies designed to counter both traditional and computer child pornography through regulatory measures.

Hellwege, Jean. "Law Enforcement, Legislators Grapple With Child Sexual Exploitation on the Net." Trial 36, no. 3 (March 2000): pp. 13-16.Abstract: At recent law enforcement seminars, computer-savvy FBI agents have used a high-tech version of show-and-tell to provide a point--the virtual world of cyberspace can be a dangerous place for children to play. Preferential sex offenders use computers to trade, store, and create child pornography, get validation from each other, and fulfill sexual fantasies with children they meet online.

Jefferson, Jon. "Deleting Cybercrooks." ABA Journal (October 1997): pp. 68-74.Abstract: The Internet offers criminals new opportunities to perpetrate scams while providing them a certain degree of anonymity, but prosecutors want to put tough new laws on the books to keep pedophiles and hackers off the Net.

Kirtley, Jane E. "Reporting a Story or Breaking the Law?" American Journalism Review 21, no. 4 (May 1999): p. 86.Notes: Available full-text on WilsonWebAbstract: The case of journalist Lawrence C. Matthews, who was convicted of trafficking child pornography on the Internet, should serve as a warning to freelance journalists who believe they are protected by the First Amendment in their pursuit of a story. Matthews claimed he was planning to write an article dealing with online child pornography, but he had no drafts, notes, contracts, or queries to back up his claim, a fact that contributed to his conviction. Even if he had had proof of journalistic research, however, the Federal Child Pornography Prevention Act makes no allowances for anyone researching such subject matter.

Kopelev, Sergio D. "Cyber Sex Offenders." Law Enforcement Technology (November 1999): pp. 46-48, 50.Abstract: When law enforcement agencies decide to undertake proactive Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) investigations, agencies first need to understand that no matter how different the medium is in which these investigations are conducted, good law enforcement is still good law enforcement. Effective law enforcement always begins with common sense augmented by training and experience.

Krebs, Brian. "DOJ Pledges $3 Million to Nail Online Pedophiles." Newsbytes (December 13, 1999).Notes: Available full-text on Lexis-NexisAbstract: US Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Justice Department will provide $3 million in grants to 10 state and local law enforcement agencies in an effort to beef up the number of Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) task force units. The grants, awarded by the Justice Department's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs, provide funding for new ICAC initiatives in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah and Washington. The move effectively doubles the number of such initiatives nationwide, and contributes an additional $1.7 million to the 10 original sites created last year.

Lesce, Tony. "Pedophiles on the Internet: Law Enforcement Investigates Abuse." Law and Order 47, no. 5(May 1999): pp. 74-78.Abstract: This article examines the many ways that new Internet technologies have complicated the investigation of pedophiles. Many technologies used by everyday people also have more sinister uses for pedophiles.

MacMillan, Robert. "Franks Bill Would Help FBI Fight Net Pedophiles." Newsbytes (March 8, 2000).Notes: Available full-text on Lexis-NexisAbstract: The FBI's Calverton, Maryland-based center for monitoring and tracking down Internet crimes against children would get extra money for developing a nearby online training center, under a proposal from Representative Bob Franks, R-NJ. According to Franks, a new Internet training center "is the starting point for building a highly trained cadre of law enforcement officers around the country who will be working every day to protect our children on the Internet." The center would focus its training on investigating child pornography, as well as cases involving the sexual exploitation of children. The center would be run by the FBI, but would train local and state police officers, with the principle mission being to provide law enforcement personnel with the best available techniques for conducting an investigation into computer crimes involving children.

Mansfield, Stephanie. "The Avengers Online: FBI's Efforts To Stop Child Pornographers From Getting Involved With Children and Teenagers Via the Internet." Good Housekeeping (June 1999): p. 122.Notes: Available full-text from Lexis-NexisAbstract: The Internet was still in its infancy in 1993, when a 10-year-old Maryland boy, George "Junior" Burdynski, got on his bike, rode down the street, and disappeared. His body was never found, but detectives gathered enough evidence to connect his fate to a neighbor who liked to download kiddie porn and have the local teenage boys play video games on his computer. From that investigation, authorities learned that pedophiles had found a new playground in cyberspace. FBI Agents like Allison Mourad are using the Internet to hunt down these monsters--and protect the innocents. She has seen things that can only be described as every parent's nightmare--as one of 24 Agents assigned to a special FBI task force dedicated to tracking down pedophiles. This article details the work of the task force.

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. "CyberTipline." [http://www.missingkids.com/cybertip/ncmec_default_cybertipline.htm]. 25 July 2000.Abstract: This website handles leads from individuals reporting the sexual exploitation of children. In partnership with the FBI, US Customs Service and the US Postal Inspection Service, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children serves as the national CyberTipline and as the national Child Pornography Tipline.

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. "Exploited Child Unit: Laws and Legislation." [http://www.missingkids.com (click on About Us, then use pull down menu and click on Internet Child Pornography)]. 28 July 2000.Abstract: This website presents an overview of both Federal and state laws and legislation that pertain to the sexual exploitation of children, as well as a list of agencies to contact for additional information on state laws.

Pettinari, Dave. "Investigating Internet Crimes Against Children." Sheriff 50, no. 6(November-December 1998): pp. 10-11, 15.Abstract: Crimes designed to exploit, molest, or harm children through Internet contact are so new that there are no standard data collection or investigative methods, not to mention operating procedures that will withstand court challenges. However, several methods to aid investigators in dealing with these crimes are discussed.

Posey, Julie. "PedoWatch." 1996. [http://pedowatch.org]. 25 July 2000.Abstract: PedoWatch is one of the oldest organizations on the Internet that is leading the way in working with law enforcement worldwide to remove child pornography and child luring activity. The purpose of this website is to make the general public, as well as law enforcement, parents, young people and journalists, aware of the scope of the problem of child pornography and solicitation of children on the Internet. Links are provided for both parents and law enforcement.

Rehman, D. Douglas. A Guide for Internet Service Providers to Assist Law Enforcement in Combating Child Exploitation. Washington, DC: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 1998. Notes: Available full-text on the Internet at http://www.missingkids.com Abstract: This guide is intended to show how Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can assist law enforcement in reducing child victimization in cyberspace. It also details what is required from a law enforcement agency for an ISP to turn over information.

Shannon, Elaine. "Main Street Monsters." Time 152, no. 11(September 14, 1998): p. 59.Abstract: Law enforcement officials in 14 countries cracked the largest, most sophisticated ring of child pornographers ever discovered. The Wonderland Club operated over the Internet and took its name from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a book written by a man with a scandalous predilection for photographing scantily clad young girls. According to the US Customs Commissioner, one of the requirements for club membership was a stockpile of thousands of explicit pornographic images of children. Authorities in America, Europe, and Australia have already arrested a number of people, and more arrests are planned.

Stewart, Jennifer. "If This Is The Global Community, We Must Be on the Bad Side of Town: International Policing of Child Pornography on the Internet." Houston Journal of International Law 20, no. 1(Fall 1997): pp.. 205-46.Notes: Available full-text on WestlawAbstract: This article discusses child pornography as it exists on the Internet and the global battle by nations against its proliferation. It addresses the development and mechanics of how child pornography began appearing on the Internet. It also discusses various nations' and international organizations' attempts to stop or at least control child pornography through legislative and law enforcement policies. Other alternative solutions such as international registries of names are also considered. The theme throughout is what an incredibly arduous battle is developing, when one takes into account that curtailing child pornography on the Internet involves the policing of citizens with widely differing domestic laws, cultures, and social mores on a worldwide scale.

Stodghill, Ron. "Sipowicz Goes Cyber." Time 155, no. 44(April 10, 2000): pp. 50-51.Abstract: A proliferation of Internet crime has created a new breed of local police officers pioneering a new beat on the Web. Local investigators, so-called cybersheriffs, often spend months probing chat rooms and websites so that they can pull off sting operations. Trade-secret hacking, e-mail fraud, child pornography, and other computer-related crimes are generally considered the province of the Federal authorities, but they are so prevalent that the Justice Department and the FBI are outnumbered. Antiquated state laws can often make it difficult for local officers to win a conviction; however, in Wayne County, Michigan, where the cyberpolice work done by its Internet Crime Bureau is regarded as pioneering, results have been mixed.

Sullivan, Scott. "Policing the Internet." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 68, no. 6(June 1999): pp. 18-21.Abstract: The Internet has become a breeding ground for crime, such as pedophiles exchanging child pornography with others or chatting with minors to build their trust so they can set up meetings under false pretenses. Like their Federal counterparts, state and local officers can apply their penal codes to prosecute Internet criminals. Officers assigned to police the Internet can use traditional law enforcement tools to conduct Internet crime investigations. Search warrants can be an effective means to track down online users. In some states, Internet service providers are obligated by law to turn over records to law enforcement upon request or when they become aware of online criminal activity.

US Customs Service. "Cyber Smuggling Center." [http://www.customs.ustreas.gov/]. Abstract: The Cyber Smuggling Center's main focus is to patrol the Internet for signs of the illegal importation and proliferation of child pornography or of sexual exploitation of children. The center conducts all Internet investigations from a central location.

US Postal Service. "US Postal Inspection Service." [http://www.framed.usps.com/postalinspectors/]. Abstract: The US Postal Inspection Service, often working with agencies such as the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section of the US Department of Justice and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, conducts undercover operations to investigate individuals who use the Internet or a Bulletin Board Service to exchange pornography or who correspond with others who do the same. In some undercover operations, postal inspectors contact suspects via computer networks and the Internet. Individuals who use the US mail for the actual exchange of material or for initial contact are subject to investigation.

Whitcomb, Debra. Joining Forces Against Child Sexual Exploitation. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, 20 min., 1998.Call Number: HV 6570.2 .W472 A/VAbstract: This videotape was designed to promote greater cooperation among Federal, state and local criminal justice agencies in the investigation and prosecution of child sexual exploitation cases. Highlighting key features of five multijurisdictional task forces, this video (1) demonstrates that law enforcement agencies are taking serious steps to address the problems of child pornography, prostitution and online solicitation, (2) urges criminal justice professionals to be more proactive in their investigations and to seek professional assistance when working with victims, (3) underscores the value of addressing children's service needs, (4) explains the connections between child pornography, criminal access to children online and active sexual molestation of children; and (5) underscores parents' concerns about their children's safety online.

Whitcomb, Debra and Julie Easton. Joining Forces Against Child Sexual Exploitation: Models for a Multijurisdictional Team Approach. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1998.Call Number: J 32.2:SE 9/2Abstract: New technology and its criminal use to sexually exploit children have renewed public interest in the problem of child sexual abuse, and multijurisdictional teams are proposed as a way of dealing with the sexual exploitation of children.

Compiled by Jean Caddy, 8/00