Subject Bibliography

MONEY LAUNDERING

"11 Major International Banks Adopt Measures to Stop Money Laundering." Organized Crime Digest (October 2000): pp. 1-2.Abstract: The guidelines adopted apply only to individuals, suggesting that a criminal organization operating behind a corporate front would continue to launder money without detection.

"Crimes of Persuasion." [http://www.crimes-of-persuasion.com]. Abstract: Informs the public, along with law enforcement personnel, justice officials and victim groups on the workings and scope of telemarketing and investment fraud. Criminals with large cash intakes, from drug traffickers to stock and telemarketing fraudsters, must launder the money flowing from their crimes to hide the evidence trail and protect it from investigation and seizure before cycling it back for personal and business use.

"Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering." [http://www.oecd.org/fatf]. Abstract: The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) is an inter-governmental body which develops and promotes policies, both nationally and internationally, to combat money laundering. As a "policy making body" therefore, its primary goal is to generate the political will necessary for bringing national legislative and regulatory reforms in this area
Money Laundering: Regulatory Oversight of Offshore Private Banking Activities. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1998.Call Number: GA 113: GGD-98-154Abstract: Reviews U.S. federal government regulatory oversight procedures to ensure that offshore private banking activities are covered by banks' anti-money-laundering efforts.

This bibliography is a representative selection of materials either owned or on order by the FBI Academy Library. Inclusion of an item does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the material or its author.

Anderson, J. Brady. "Promoting the Rule of Law Around the World." Trial (November 2000): pp. 84-87.Abstract: U.S. businesses and citizens have unprecedented contact with other countries and their legal systems. At the same time, easier links among countries around the world stimulate growth in contraband smuggling, money laundering and international crime. Since the United States alone cannot provide all the world's enforcement and adjudication, our foreign assistance program has been called on to help improve the legal systems of developing countries so that laws and contracts are enforced.

Baker, Raymond W. "The Biggest Loophole in the Free-Market System." Washington Quarterly (Autumn 1999): pp. 29-46.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: The combination of criminal money laundering and illegal flight capital constitutes the biggest loophole in the free-market system. Drug kingpins and global thugs thrive because money laundering is easy, and money laundering is easy because illegal flight capital is pursued and facilitated. Neither the United States nor any other nation will effectively curtail the one while at the same time soliciting the other.

Blum, Jack A., et al. Financial Havens, Banking Secrecy and Money Laundering. New York: United Nations, 1998.Call Number: HV 8079.M64F47 1998Abstract: Criminal organizations are making wide use of the opportunities offered by financial havens and offshore centres to launder criminal assets, thereby creating roadblocks to criminal investigations.

Bosworth-Davis, Rowan and Graham Saltmarsh. Money Laundering: A Practical Guide to New Legislation. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994.Call Number: HV 8079.M64B67 1994Abstract: Puts the money laundering phenomenon into perspective, historically, economically and criminologically. Encourages the financial sector to recognize the part it plays in facilitating the ambitions of the drug trafficker, the terrorist and the organized criminal, the threat these groups pose to their market and the part they can play in thwarting those intentions.

Bruton, William F. "Money Laundering: Is It Now a Corporate Problem?" Dickinson Journal of International Law (Spring 1999): pp. 437-39.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: In recent years, multi-national law enforcement investigations have shown that criminal organizations are international in scope and their criminal activities are utilizing financial institutions worldwide. With the rapid advancement of the Internet and the ability of individuals to use this vehicle to transfer funds and wealth, criminal organizations are globalizing their use of financial and trade industries.

Carter, Terry. "Busting the Lawyers." ABA Journal (February 2000): pp. 18-19, 98.Abstract: For the first time in the 13 year history of federal money laundering statutes, the government is going after a lawyer on criminal charges solely for accepting fees to represent a defendant.

Farrell, John S., et al. Money Laundering and Currency Movement in the Washington/ Baltimore Region: Situation Report. Greenbelt, MD: W/B HIDTA, 2000.Call Number: HV 8079.M64M64 2000 Notes: (LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE)Abstract: Provides the reader at all levels of law enforcement with a thorough review of the current money laundering/currency movement situation within the Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Area (HIDTA) region. It also serves as an insightful tutorial on the potential methods that could be used by drug traffickers and other criminal organizations as the means to transmit the illegal proceeds from their illegal enterprises to repurchase drugs, pay for transportation and otherwise conceal their profits.

Gips, Michael A. "Money Laundering Testimony Heard." Security Management (September 2000): pp. 16, 18.Abstract: Experts discuss trends in money laundering, anti-money laundering efforts and proposed legislation that would crack down on perpetrators of these schemes.

Grange, Jeffrey S. and James H. Ostrom. "Crime Watch: Coverage Tips From Insurance Professionals." America's Community Banker (October 1999): pp. 18-20.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: Bank crime is becoming more complex and international in scope due to rapid advances in technology and the globalization of the financial services industry. It matters little whether your bank is large or small, urban or rural. Online banking lets criminals transfer millions of dollars via personal computers and modems, all in the blink of an eye.

Graycar, Adam and Peter Grabosky, eds. Money Laundering in the 21st Century. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 1996.Call Number: HV 6771.A8M66x 1996Abstract: Money laundering is a silent crime. It crosses international boundaries leaving in its wake no obvious victims, no lethal weapons and usually no witnesses. Modern technology has led to new avenues to disguise the proceeds of crime. As this book shows, international cooperation and the rapid identification of countermeasures to control the incidence of money laundering are the keys to prevention.

Haynes, Andrew. "A Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Three Different Approaches to Combating Money Laundering." [http://ww.ncjrs.org/policing/com291.htm]. Abstract: Despite the fact that all three countries are signatories to the U.N. Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States all adopt approaches to combating money laundering which contain differences. This paper briefly analyzes each country's approach and ascertains whether the results achieved hold any lessons for the countries of central and eastern Europe.

Hoffer, Michael D. "A Fistful of Dollars: "Operation Casablanca" and the Impact of Extraterritorial Enforcement of United States Money Laundering Law." Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law (Spring 2000): pp. 293-318.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: This report attempts to gauge the legal and political effects of extraterritorial application of United States law enforcement in Operation Casablanca under four areas of the law: the United States anti-money laundering statute, the United States Constitution, the United States-Mexico Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, and the principles of international law.

Jason-Lloyd, Leonard. The Law on Money Laundering. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1997.Call Number: KD 1737.R43J37 1997Abstract: From the 1986 Drug Trafficking Act to the Criminal Justice Act of 1993, legislation has been enacted which is designed to curtail the money laundering activities of organized crime. This book outlines relevant statutory provisions, links them in cohesive form and provides a clear and concise commentary on each.

Jordan, David C. Drug Politics: Dirty Money and Demographics. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.Call Number: HV 5801.J66 1999Abstract: Examines how narcotics trafficking, corruption and organized crime have become intertwined with the post-cold war international environment. Governments and banks are deeply involved in, as well as dependent upon , the drug trade. In turn, the drug trade is dependent upon state cooperation and compliance. Organized crime develops under such political protection, thereby becoming multi-ethnic and forging transnational alliances. Many national and international financial systems depend on cash from money laundering, and some governments are involved in protecting criminal cartels.

Kaplan, David E., et al. "The Golden Age of Crime." U.S. News & World Report (November 1999): pp. 42-44.Abstract: The gold trade has become "the money laundering mechanism of choice," according to internal law enforcement reports, and is being used to wash staggering amounts of dirty cash. Basically, drug profits are used to purchase gold, whether as jewelry, ingots or even scrap, then shipped across borders and resold. The resulting profits are clean, the drug trafficker who bought the gold in the first place is free to do with his money as he pleases. So pervasive is its criminal use that gold is joining the U.S. dollar as the standard currency of the drug trade.

Kerry, John. The New War. New York: Simon & Schuster1997.Call Number: HV 6252.K47 1997Abstract: Reveals the secret, shadowy world of the offshore banking industry, which criminal gangs use to launder their ill-gotten gains, and shows how money is then used to infiltrate legitimate businesses and destabilize elected governments through bribes to politicians, judges and policemen.

Komisar, Lucy. "Fool Me Twice." The Progressive (December 1999): pp. 36-38.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: The sudden attention by U.S. government officials and the mainstream media to the $7 billion or more of Russian money laundered through the Bank of New York might make you think this is the first time that multimillions have been stolen from Russia or elsewhere and washed through the international offshore system. In fact, it's not even the first time for the Bank of New York.

Madinger, John and Sydney A. Zalopany. Money Laundering: A Guide for Criminal Investigators. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.Call Number: HV 8079.M64M33 1999Abstract: This book has two themes. First, there are excellent reasons why law enforcement officers should use the laws and techniques available to investigate money laundering crimes. Second, it illustrates how financial investigative techniques can be used to resolve these crimes.

Manning, George A. Financial Investigation and Forensic Accounting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.Call Number: HV 8079.W47.M35 1999Abstract: Organized crime groups have laundered gains from illegal activities for many years. However, it was not until the 1980s that laws were passed to address the money laundering activities. Fraud examiners are called upon to unravel various money laundering schemes. There are many accounting and auditing techniques that can be used to detect these schemes, and the fraud examiner should be well versed in their use. This book is written so the reader can find specific issues and how to investigate and present them in a court of law.

McCormick, Kirk and Brian Stekloff. "Money Laundering." American Criminal Law Review (Spring 2000): pp. 729-56.Abstract: The authors discuss legislation passed to control the movement and legitimization of illegal money.

Molander, Roger C., et al. Cyberpayments and Money Laundering: Problems and Promises. Washington, DC: Rand, 1998.Call Number: HV 6769.M66 1998Abstract: A study undertaken in recognition that law enforcement and regulatory authorities will likely be confronted with new challenges in conducting their traditional oversight of the financial services industry and in investigating illicit financial activity. The report explores with the public and private sectors the potential vulnerabilities of new payment technologies to abuse by money launderers and other financial criminals.

Moulette, Patrick. "Money Laundering: Staying Ahead of the Latest Trends." OECD Observer (April 2000): pp. 28-29.Notes: (Available fulltext on Infotrac)Abstract: Money launderers have time and again shown their ingenuity in circumventing the law and there is no reason to think that they will lose that innovativeness in the years ahead. Consequently, every effort has to be made to acquire maximum knowledge of the different methods and techniques of money laundering. Corporate and non-financial laundering and the new payment technologies should be given particular attention.

O'Meara, Kelly Patricia. "Dirty Dollars." Insight on the News (May 15, 2000): pp. 10-16.Abstract: Money laundering laws have failed to clean up drug trafficking, but with banks reaping huge profits by being part of the deal, the problem is monumental.
Peterson, Marilyn B. A Guide to the Financial Analysis of Personal and Corporate Bank Records. Richmond, VA: National White Collar Crime Center, 1998.Call Number: HV 8078.M64P47 1998Abstract: Provides analysts and investigators who review bank records with a guide to how bank record analysis can be done.

Richards, James R. Transnational Criminal Organizations, Cybercrime and Money Laundering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.Call Number: HV 6768.R53 1999Abstract: Gives the reader a quick, but thorough, understanding of the basic histories and interrelationships of and between the various international criminal organizations (ICOs) or transnational criminal organizations (TCOs); money laundering concepts, terms and phrases; the background and makeup of the various state, federal and law enforcement agencies involved in the local, national and international fight against ICOs in general and money laundering in particular; the laws and treaties available to these agencies, and the mechanics of wire transfers and cyberbanking and their corollary, cybercrime

Robinson, Jeffrey. The Laundrymen: Inside Money Laundering, the World's Third-Largest Business. New York: Arcade, 1996.Call Number: HV 6768.R63 1996Abstract: Turning illicit cash into legitimate assets is the job of the laundrymen, the white collar accountants, lawyers and bankers, certified professionals who use sophisticated systems of layering, loopholes in banking laws and professional privilege to do their dirty work. This book takes you into the murky world of dirty money-- those making it, those washing it and the valiant men and women in law enforcement caught up in a desperate fight against it.

________. The Merger: The Conglomeration of International Organized Crime. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2000.Call Number: HV 6252.R6 2000Abstract: Gives a shocking true account of a global network of unimaginable proportions and lays bare the criminal fraternity's new world order. These alliances provide criminal groups with more power, more leverage and more ill-gotten gains. International law enforcement agencies have just begun the immense task of combating them.

Savona, Ernesto U., ed. Responding to Money Laundering: International Perspectives. The Netherlands: Harwood , 1997.Call Number: K 5223.R37 1997Abstract: This book makes a major contribution to the development of expertise in the field of money laundering. The chapters develop in different styles of analysis of the problems of this topic and attempt to tune the instruments for combating them.

Taylor, N. T. "Wash-Out: A Critique of Follow-the-Money Methods in Crime Policy." Crime, Law & Social Change vol. 32, no. no. 1 (1999): pp. 1-57.Abstract: Over the last 15 years there has been a quiet revolution in the theory and practice of law enforcement. Instead of simply closing rackets that generate illegal income, the central objective has become to attack the flow of criminal profits after they have been earned. The justification is that taking away assets accumulated by criminals simultaneously removes the motive (profit) and the means (operating capital) to commit further crimes. Prodded by the United States , country after country has criminalized some concept of money laundering.

U.S. Department of the Treasury. "Financial Crimes Enforcement Network." [http://www.treas.gov/fincen]. Abstract: The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network supports law enforcement investigative efforts and fosters interagency and global cooperation against domestic and international financial crimes; and provides U.S. policy makers with strategic analyses of domestic and worldwide money laundering developments, trends and patterns.

Williams, Phil and Ernesto U. Savona, eds. The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime. London: Frank Cass, 1996.Call Number: HV 6252.U55 1996Abstract: The reduction and subsequent containment of transnational organized crime require governments not only to recognize the seriousness of the threat it poses, but also to allocate resources to meet it. This book discusses what needs to be done if governments are to be effective in combating the criminal enterprises which have decided to challenge lawful institutions and civilized society.

Woodard, Colin. "Clean Beaches, Dirty Money." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May/June 2000): pp. 18-21.Notes: (Available fulltext on Wilsonweb)Abstract: Every year, hundreds of billions of dollars from criminal activities flow through offshore banks in Nauru, Antigua, the Cayman Islands and a few other countries and territories where bank secrecy laws make money laundering a snap and law enforcement nearly impossible.

Revised by Marian Allen, 1/01