"The ADA and Police Hiring Practices." The Police Chief (June 1997): p. 24(4).Abstract: Inquiries from law enforcement agencies focus on the application of the American Disabilities Act (ADA) to law enforcement hiring. The ADA provides equal job opportunities to qualified disabled individuals and prevents discrimination by allowing medical examinations only after a job offer has been made. However, physical fitness tests for measuring applicants' capabilities to perform the required functions can be conducted. Law enforcement agencies are also allowed to ask for doctor's certification that the applicant can undergo the physical fitness test.

"Law Enforcement Wellness Association, Inc." [http://www.cophealth.com]. Abstract: Website of the Law Enforcement Wellness Association, Inc., an internationally prominent faculty of professionals dedicated to the overall physical and psychological health of the nation's law enforcement personnel. The Association offers a host of training programs and seminars throughout the nation with one central theme: the promotion of the physical and psychological wellness of our nation's law enforcement officers, their families, and support staff.

Bailey, Covert. Ultimate Fit or Fat: Get in Shape With America's Best-Loved and Most Effective Fitness Teacher. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.Call Number: RA 782 .B215 1999Abstract: Now more than at any other time, America's number-one enemy is fat--fat in our bodies and fat in our diets. The key to fighting fat is exercise that is both effective and enjoyable. This book shows people from all walks of life the route from fatness to fitness. Included in this book are an at-home method to determine your level of body fat, an aerobic program anyone can follow, new information about the benefits of a moderate weightlifting program, the basics of cross-training, and wind sprints and other ways to build intensity safely and effectively.

Biddle, Dan and Nikki Shepherd Sill. "Protective Service Physical Ability Tests: Establishing Pass/Fail, Ranking, and Banding Procedures." Public Personnel Management 28, no. 2(Summer 1999): pp. 217-25.Notes: Available full-text on Wilson WebAbstract: Physical ability tests have undergone intense scrutiny in the courts since the 1970's. A recent survey of court-disputed police and fire physical ability tests showed a successful defense rate of less than 10 percent. Faced with such odds, public sector agencies have focused on the development, validation, and use of physical ability tests. A physical ability test supported by a thorough validity study but poorly used is just as likely to lose in court as a test poorly developed and validated. Numerous researchers have thoroughly examined performance differences between men and women on physical ability tests. A variety of practices are followed by public sector agencies for using physical ability test scores: pass/fail cutoffs, top-down ranking, banding or grouping passing applicants, and weighting or combining the physical ability test results with other pre-employment tests. This article evaluates the use of physical ability test scores outside of other selection devices, although the principles herein may be used for combining physical ability test scores with other pre-employment tests.

This bibliography is a representative selection of materials either owned or on order by the FBI Academy Library. Inclusion of an item does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the material or its author.

Birzer, Michael L. and Delores E. Craig. "Gender Differences in Police Physical Ability Test Performance." American Journal of Police 15, no. 2(1996): pp. 93-108.Abstract: This study of gender differences in police physical abilities tested two hypotheses: (1) female applicants would fail the physical ability test more often than male applicants; and (2) the physical ability selection test administered by the police agency would not measure critical tasks. Results showed that females failed the physical ability test significantly more often than males. It did not support the need to climb through a window or to drag and pull a 158-pound mannequin 30 feet in 9 seconds. Findings, however, supported other areas in which applicants might be tested for physical competence, such as pushing, balancing and climbing, and showed that the physical ability selection test did not depict actual physical tasks performed by police officers.

Blum, Jon. "Physical Training for Law Enforcement." The Law Enforcement Trainer 15, no. 4(July-August 2000): p. 12(5).Abstract: Few police departments mandate physical fitness requirements beyond basic training. Some police departments have mandatory in-service wellness programs, but they rarely include consistent mandates in the training formula. The most difficult challenge for any law enforcement physical fitness instructor involves changing individual behavior. This article discusses that issue.

Collingwood, Thomas R., et al. FitForce Administrator Guide: A Guide to the Benefits of Fitness Programs for Law Enforcement Officers. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995.Call Number: HV 7936 .H4C64 1995Abstract: This invaluable guide not only introduces law enforcement administrators to the many benefits of fitness programs, it also shows them how they can implement an effective program at their own agency using FitForce resources and services. Written specifically for law enforcement administrators, this book contains answers to questions about law enforcement fitness that can't be found in any other single source. Features in the guide are a discussion of the legal issues surrounding law enforcement fitness programs and an explanation of how FitForce tests, standards, and programs meet legal requirements.

Cooper, Kenneth H. "The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research." [http://www.cooperinst.org]. December 1, 2000.Abstract: Homepage of The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, which was founded on June 22, 1970, by Kenneth H. Cooper, MD, MPH, and has become widely acclaimed as one of the leaders in preventive medicine research and education. As a nonprofit research organization, The Cooper Institute is dedicated to advancing the understanding of the relationship between living habits and health and to providing leadership in implementing these concepts to enhance the physical and emotional well-being of individuals. With more than 20 years of experience in designing, delivering, and evaluating worksite health promotion programs, The Cooper Institute helps corporations, school systems, and public safety organizations improve their employees' health and reduce absenteeism and health care costs.

DeFranco, Liz Martinez. "Fitness for the Country's Finest." Law Enforcement Technology 26, no. 11(November 1999): pp. 32-35.Abstract: Police agencies have minimum physical fitness hiring requirements and training academies provide physical training for recruits, but few agencies require their employees to remain in shape after graduation. Physical fitness in police personnel depends on personal motivation; some police agencies offer encouragement in the form of promotion points, voluntary physical fitness tests or optional wellness classes. Upper management must make fitness a priority if it is to become important to the rank and file. FBI Director Louis Freeh demonstrates this top-down theory by going out and running with each new academy class. However, each individual officer needs to formulate and carry out a plan of action regardless of department incentives or lack of them.

Flach, Andrew and Peter Field Peck. The Official United States Navy Seal Workout. New York: Five Star Publishing, 1998.Call Number: GV 481 .F553 1998Abstract: Work out like the US Navy SEALs with this authentic Navy SEAL fitness program. You'll soon be in the best shape ever. Whether you are seriously into exercising or just want to start a personal fitness program, you can follow this All-American workout to strengthen and tone your entire body.

________. The United States Marine Corps Workout. New York: Five Star Fitness, 1999.Call Number: GV 481 .F62 1999Abstract: You want to get fit? Tell it to the Marines! This authentic, inside look at the physical fitness training programs of the United States Marine Corps is guaranteed to get you in the best shape of your life. Whether you are a Marine, plan to be a Marine, or just want to be as tough as a Marine, you'll discover how to get in top physical condition.
Harney, Jason. "Control 3 Mary 1, Foot Pursuit! Surviving and Having Success in a Foot Pursuit Comes Down to Defensive Tactics and Physical Fitness." [http://www.goecities.com/~halbrown/foot_pursuit.html]. November 29, 2000.Abstract: Picture the following scenario: You just had lunch at one of your favorite eating establishments and the bountiful feast gives new definition to personal fullness--as well as personal guilt. You're content to drive around, letting the digestion of food be your highest priority. Then, at the worst possible time, you randomly run a check on the car in front of you--and the bombardment of beeps hits you like a Scud missile--the car is stolen. As if in response, the stolen car speeds away, loses control and strikes a light pole. Then it begins--the dreaded foot pursuit! Surviving a foot pursuit comes down to your ability and proficiency in defensive tactics and physical fitness. This article discusses the training methods of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Academy.

Hoffman, Robert and Thomas R. Collingwood. Fit for Duty: The Peace Officer's Guide to Total Fitness. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995.Call Number: HV 7936 .H4H627 1995Abstract: This fitness reference book for police officers promotes a total fitness approach, presenting information not only on physical fitness but also diet and nutrition, weight management, smoking cessation, substance abuse prevention and stress management. The book's emphasis is on developing physical fitness to improve job performance and health, as well as to enhance enjoyment of leisure time.

Howard, Denise and Andy Prater. "Improving the Health of Law Enforcement Officers: A Wellness Approach." The Police Chief (April 2000): pp. 167-72.Abstract: Law enforcement officers need to be physically fit, but developing a universally accepted set of standards and methods for measuring physical fitness has proven difficult. No widespread agreement exists on what a physical fitness test should measure. It is well known that proper physical fitness tests can provide a great deal of information about officers' physical capabilities. They may, however, fail to diagnose underlying health problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. These problems, if left untreated, eventually impede officers' physical capabilities and pose serious threats to their long-term health. This article focuses on the benefits of the wellness screening program. Learn how to implement a wellness screening program in your department to successfully promote health among officers in a cost-effective manner.

Kenny, Sean. "S.W.A.T. For Survival." Police (April 2000): pp. 58-50.Notes: Also available full-text on Criminal Justice Periodical IndexAbstract: Police officers need to be physically fit, but especially officers in tactical units. Training must mimic job function. Agility is defined as the ability to stop, start and change direction of body movements very quickly. The benefits of having great agility in the field of law enforcement, especially in a tactical division such as SWAT, goes without saying. Contrary to what one may think, agility can be improved, it is not just for the genetically gifted. Some exercises in S.W.A.T. (Success With Agility Training) are described.

Kenny, Sean M. "Become Truly Fit For Duty." Police (June 1999): pp. 56-59.Notes: Also available full-text on Criminal Justice Periodical IndexAbstract: Due to their chaotic schedules, physical job duties and high-stress work environments, the law enforcement population must consider several unique aspects when it comes to fitness and health. The benefits of a consistent exercise regimen for law enforcement personnel are many. Enhanced ability to manage stress, better sleep habits and overall increase in job performance are but a few. It is not too much to say that good fitness in law enforcement can be a matter of life and death. Most officers are aware of the importance of being physically fit, yet many lack the strength and stamina to efficiently perform their job. This article offers physical fitness tips for officers, laying the foundation for a more health-conscience lifestyle.

Martin, Richard H. "Wellness: A Matter of Health." From Contemporary Police Organization and Management: Issues and Trends. Doernor, William G. and M. L. Dantzker (eds.), pp. 143-58. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.Call Number: HV 7935 .C63 2000Abstract: We have all seen at least one police officer whose belly hangs over the gun belt and who looks like, if he walked too fast, let alone had to run, he would not get very far. For many years, a lack of fitness was a common sight among older police officers. In more recent years, fewer officers appear to be badly out of shape or unfit. One reason for this change has been the adoption of the idea that a fit officer is a better officer, who is less of a liability to the community and the organization. This idea has risen to the creation of "wellness" programs. The position taken in this chapter is that self-defense training, good nutrition and aerobic exercise will decrease the liability of agencies and improve the effectiveness of officers.

Moffat, Marilyn and Steve Vickery. The American Physical Therapy Association Book of Body Maintenance and Repair. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1999.Call Number: RA 781 .V53 1999Abstract: A comprehensive guide to restoring and maintaining strength and flexibility throughout the entire body, developed by top health-care professionals. Here is a fitness guide, an exercise book and a health-care manual, all in one volume, backed by the unrivaled authority of the American Physical Therapy Association. Physical therapists bring an unmatched understanding of the inner workings of human muscles, bones and joints to the care and treatment of the body and can show you how to increase and maintain muscle strength and flexibility, restore and increase range of motion in joints, increase endurance, decrease muscle and joint pain, and avoid both major and minor injury at work and at play.

Puretz, Susan, et al. The Woman's Guide to Peak Performance: The Ultimate Reference for All Levels of Fitness. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1998.Call Number: RA 781 .P84 1998Abstract: Do you ever wonder whether you're getting the most from your workout? Are you tired of muddling through your exercise routine? Are you actually increasing your fitness level and performance capacity? Or are you puffing and sweating without a tangible goal in sight? Maybe you've been thinking about taking up exercise or a new sports activity, but you just don't know where to start. Whether you're a shy beginner or an elite competitor, this book can help you become--and stay--fit, strong, and injury-free. Some topics covered include evaluating your fitness level and workout needs, formulating routines for a variety of sports, including running, weight training, walking, biking, and horseback riding, nutrition for optimal fitness and health, basic anatomy and kinesiology, choosing the best clothing and gear for your needs, learning confidence and focusing to help you gain a competitive edge, advice for older athletes on staying fit, flexible and strong, the impact of menstrual cycles and pregnancy, family fitness, exercises that help rehabilitate sports-related injuries, and warnings about potential danger zones.

Rafilson, Fred M. "Candidate Physical Fitness Testing: The Need For Legally Defensible Methodologies and Outcomes." Law & Order (March 2000): pp. 99-101.Notes: Also available full-text on Criminal Justice Periodical Index Abstract: There is a tremendous need in law enforcement for legally defensible physical fitness testing methods. Several factors have brought this area of personnel selection into the limelight, including increased levels of public safety employee hiring, an increasingly litigious society, and confusion regarding the validity and legality of current testing models. Police department hiring has increased over the last several years. It is not unusual for a small or medium-sized agency to receive several hundred applications for a posted job opening. Given most municipal and civil service rules and regulations, the majority of these candidates will be invited to participate in the hiring process. A good selection process will attempt to assess a candidate's job-related abilities--and physically demanding tasks are an essential part of being an officer. Physical ability or fitness must be measured in order to ensure that newly hired employees can handle the job demands. The question then becomes, what is the best way to make this assessment? This article discusses various methods of assessing physical fitness that can provide an accurate measure of a candidate's ability without being discriminatory.

Santelmann, Neal. "Sorry, But You're Just Not Working Out." Forbes 161, no. 9(May 4, 1998): p. S135(3).Notes: Also available full-text on InfoTracAbstract: People who desire to not work in an office have a variety of employment options, but many of them require applicants to pass physical fitness exams. The exams for lifeguards, firefighters, Secret Service personnel, garbage haulers, FBI agents, police officers, pilots and nurses are described.

Sharkey, Brian J. Fitness and Health, 4th Ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997.Call Number: RC 1235 .S52 1997Abstract: This book explains in plain English how the body responds to physical activity, why physical activity is so important to health, and how best to become physically active. Learn to create programs to improve your aerobic fitness, increase your muscular strength, endurance and flexibility, control your diet and weight and improve your performance at work and in sports.

Strangberg, Keith W. "Health & Fitness for Law Enforcement." Law Enforcement Technology 24, no. 8(August 1997): pp. 34-40.Abstract: Statistics have shown that officers who are physically fit have fewer complaints, fewer injuries and higher productivity. Unfit officers cost about two to three times more than fit officers. Police departments are finding it advisable to apply physical fitness standards to all officers throughout their careers, not just to recruits, and are working to help officers meet those standards. Departments that were designed and built before gyms were commonplace are converting storage rooms into exercise areas, and providing fitness equipment. Some municipalities are providing fitness club memberships for city and county employees. This article describes the ideal police department as one that has a state-of-the-art fitness center open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and a policy that would allow for on-duty workouts, or at least lunchtime workouts.

Tate, Hugh. "Fatigue, Stress and Physical Fitness." Law & Order (September 1999): pp. 72-76.Notes: Also available full-text on Criminal Justice Periodical IndexAbstract: An experienced SWAT team member in a realistic training exercise is wearing a gas mask. He has not maintained his fitness regimen and has never trained in the dark in an unknown training environment. He is tired and fatigued. The exertion of moving up several flights of stairs has left him short of breath and disoriented. He is intimidated by the dark, which is worsened by his discomfort. He pulls at his mask, panicking for breath just as the team hits the targeted door. The tear gas causes greater panic and choking. The exercise is compromised because of his actions. Luckily it was only an exercise. This article discusses fatigue, stress and physical fitness, the essential elements in the selection and training of police officers for special teams.

Weinblatt, Richard B. "Departmental Gyms Become Fitness Rooms." Law & Order (May 2000): pp. 61-63.Notes: Also available full-text on Criminal Justice Periodical Index Abstract: The nation's interest in fitness has not gone unnoticed by law enforcement administrators. Initially, many managers focused on weightlifting, but the gym phase is the final step in a holistic fitness program. This article discusses the movement towards functional fitness that can follow an officer throughout his career. Departments are adding cardio-vascular stations such as treadmills and fitness rooms are as varied as the agencies that house them. Departments need to first figure out what the mission of the fitness program is and then make it consistent with the philosophy of the department.

Compiled by Jean Caddy, 12/00